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Objective

Assess key differences in how conflict imagery is presented across traditional (print, broadcast) and digital (social media, online news) platforms.

Intended Outcomes

→ WW2 - Print Era - combined press and gov narrative - supporting war

→ Vietnam - TV Era - diff press and gov narrative - anti war

→ Iraq - Tabloid Era - diff press and gov narrative - anti gov

→ Ukraine & Palestine - Digital Era - diff press, gov, social media narrative - mixed

→ Highlight differences in press, gov, and new forms (social media)

→ Digital media circulation has made it easier to share and spread media

→ Digital media circulation has made it easier to share and spread narratives

Word Count

1000

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WW2 (Photography Era)

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although there was video, that served a similar purpose as photography – it was still curated and considered – it wasn’t video in the raw sense we consider vietnam in.

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Context

WW2 - brave and heroic - designed to boost moral - heavily censored and curated. heroic and devastating - people were heroic, but the landscape was devastated. Shows neg impact from a distance. Dead soldiers rarely shown. Shown through images in papers, limited video in cinemas (tv was limited and shutdown) → easy to control → Government and Media as one.

Narrative and Reaction

WW2 required countries to supply themselves, work was focussed on the war effort → civilians felt more connected to the war → imagery was focussed on rallying towards the cause → heroic soldiers made them feel their work effort was for a good purpose & should they fail to help enough that their world would be devastated.

Vietnam (TV Era)

Context

TV had changed what was visible → First TV war → more uncensored and raw footage showed the true horrors → immediacy of what they saw → shown deaths of soldiers and natives → Government and Media as seperate narratives → gov tried to reason war, causing more anger →

Narrative and Reaction

extensive coverage of civilian suffering → through drafting young soldiers were viewed as victims → making people feel anger for death of their own, and guilt for the death of innocents → public outrage and protest → changes to censorship of media through tv and documentation of war

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More than ever before, television showed the terrible human suffering and sacrifice of war. Whatever the intention behind such relentless and literal reporting of the war, the result was a serious demoralization of the home front, raising the question whether America would ever again be able to fight an enemy abroad with unity and strength of purpose at home. - Nixon

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Iraq (Tabloid Era)

Context

Tabloid era (tactics of digital in traditional format) → attacking whoever they could (gov) → Government narrative being attacked by the media → hutton inquiry → beginning of misinformation → instant doubt surrounding war

24 hr news → live tv → witnessing not spectating → journalists travelling with troops.

Early interenet → liveleak etc making available the most uncesored parts of the conflict

Narrative and Reaction

Media documented the actions of the troops → soldiers portrayed as the villians → western interferance → mass outrage and protest on a scale not seen before